Es gibt eine etwas kürzere, deutschsprachige Version dieses Textes drüben bei WIRED.
Along with several activists and journalists, I recently had the pleasure of being invited by Google to a meeting with Vint Cerf, whose name should make any German smile when spoken aloud. Mr. Cerf is an incredibly likeable, eloquent and well dressed gentleman with a biography and list of achievements that makes you feel not worthy.
As one of the developers of TCP/IP, he is rightfully recognised as one of the „fathers of the internet“. Since 2005, Cerf is also Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist of Google.
In a short introduction, Mr. Cerf addressed a lot of the current challenges. Hate speech. Fake news. Privacy. Security of the IoT. More surprisingly for someone speaking on behalf of Google, he also underplayed the power of algorithms a little. There is only so much that Google is capable of, he told attendees. The filtering of content regarding hate speech on YouTube, for example, would be impossible to manage manually, and since context is so important, algorithms cannot be used successfully yet. Also, this was one of the main points in his short talk, Vint Cerf believes that interference with people’s content on the internet would be censorship, and we don’t want that.
Regarding hate speech/bullying online, Mr. Cerf did a little more downplaying in my opinion. In many cases, he argued, bullying or rudeness is being taken too serious by some individuals. Simply ignoring rude comments and just blocking people could solve a lot of cases that are interpreted as hate speech.
Mr. Cerf also said that we’re facing various challenges that can’t be solved by one company or in single steps, and I agree. In a following time frame of not even an hour, Vint Cerf answered some questions from the attendees and there was also some time to talk to the man in smaller rounds, but since my questions didn’t make it in the open round, I decided to post my thoughts here.
To fight back against hate speech and fake news, Vint Cerf also added, we need more computer literacy, critical thinking, use of social norms and common sense. And I agree. Computer literacy is needed everywhere, critical thinking can never be bad, social norms play an important part in civil society and common sense always makes … well, sense.
The big questions, though, are:
Who defines the norms that we agree on as a social community?
What exactly is common sense?
And who’s to criticise these days?
It’s all fun and games and decency when you’re in a room full of well educated people over the age of 40 who grew up in a non-digital age. In the pre-Google age. We can probably all agree on a lot of things. We can agree that it’s not very cool to yell at each other even if we disagree, and we certainly wouldn’t start a fist fight (not without very honorable rules, anyway). Our critical minds are educated by science, knowledge, reason, fact checking. And by humanism, I guess. But by which and whose standards will next generations be educated? Google’s Kamau Bobb emphasizes the need for structural reforms beyond the provision of technology.
When Mr. Cerf and others in the room asked for common sense, critical minds, literacy and social norms, they might have overseen the fact that within a few years, maybe another generation, all those terms are defined by the internet, by Google and Facebook and Twitter and whoever is coming up big next. The truth according to Google’s ranking algorithms is what most people or other sites link to (remember the term „wisdom of crowds“, rarely used these days?). And critical thinking might be defined by what’s criticised most often, most heavily, the loudest – or the richest. If you can afford a campaign, you might influence public opinion (mind you, that was already the case before the internet came along, but it wasn’t as easy to reach a lot of people). And the social norm of some forums, discussion groups or other parts of the internet certainly already differs a lot from those still known and lived by in parts of the offline world.
The recent case of Google’s „Has the Holocaust really happened?“ search results is a perfect example. Who can guarantee that in ten years time, „being critical“ will still mean „mistrusting Holocaust deniers“? What if „being critical“ will mean „questioning historic facts“ all over for a next generation, a generation raised on Google and Facebook and, even more so, on YouTube – another Google company – and Whatsapp and Instagram, two Facebook firms?
In another example that was also mentioned in the meeting with Mr. Cerf by Jillian C. York of the EFF, people found out that YouTube’s „restricted mode“, initially set up as a tool for parents to filter non-fitting video content for their kids, blocks some LGBTQ content. We’re not talking porn or even nudity here. We’re talking content that was simply produced by gay or transsexual or non-binary gendered people.
I’m all for better tools for parents to protect young children from having to see gore, violence or hardcore pornography at an age where it could seriously harm them. But as you might have noticed, I didn’t mention „listening to gay people talk“ because there is absolutely no harm being done to kids by listening to people talk about gay, straight, trans or other topics. On the contrary, it might broaden their view on the world, and that’s a wonderful thing.
Also, I don’t even think that kids up to a certain age have a lot of interest in „adult“ topics (I don’t know if all blocked channels even talk about those topics or – for instance – about making the best lasagna). If they are interested, however, it might well be that they’re looking for answers to questions they have.
The internet has helped many of us, old and young, to find people with similar hobbies, interests or problems as ourselves. It has also helped us to just anonymously browse and research topics that we can’t find in our offline environment or that we can’t or don’t want to discuss with our parents, spouses, teachers, friends for various possible reasons. If you are 10, 12, 14 years old and you’re feeling insecure about your sexuality for example or you just know that it differs from those of your friends, you might turn to the net for advice or people that can relate to your situation. This is even more true if you’re not living in a large city or your social circle is very conservative, and it also works for grown ups, of course (but they probably won’t use YouTube in restricted mode).
In other words: filtering „LGBTQ content“ in restricted mode on YouTube can seriously harm the flow of information that might be important to young people, even more so because at the same time, YouTubers who bash homosexual people are not being blocked. So even if you disagree on that specific topic, you have to wonder which or whose social norms Google is answering to by blocking certain content.
Vint Cerf admitted that Google didn’t act very wisely in that case and he agreed that measures such as this one must at least be communicated transparently. Asked about why Google is blocking LGBTQ content in restricted mode at all, he mentioned something like „pressure from different groups of society“ that Google has to handle. I don’t remember the exact phrase, I’m afraid, but it made me raise my eyebrows. Because it seems that Google feels the need to react to parts of its audience and therefore its customers – in that case conservative or religious parents, I guess. It also seems that handling, filtering or categorising content isn’t as impossible as Mr. Cerf wanted to make us believe earlier in his talk. And it also shows that „censorship“ is a term we must treat carefully and wisely.
All this is an even bigger topic with Facebook, of course. We know that Facebook is filtering content automatically as well as manually. And we know that sometimes, Facebook has a very different opinion on what to protect its users from than the users have. So Facebook makes the rules. And Google makes the rules. Whereas the rules should be made by society and – if it comes to legal issues, by legislative authorities.
I agree with Mr. Cerf: It’s complicated. I agree with him that there’s no easy answers, no single step that can be taken to solve all the challenges we’re facing. I don’t think Google should be held accountable for the world’s or society’s problems. But I do believe that any company as influential as Google or Facebook needs to be part of society and has to accept responsibility. Just offering services and acting on intransparent, self written rules won’t do anymore.
As I explained earlier, we’re living in a time where Google is shaping the world. So Google has to decide and make clear which social norm system it wants to represent and support, and it has to be one that is constantly negotiated with the public and with lawmakers as well, of course. Regarding hate speech, bullying, and the deliberate spreading of fake news, I don’t think you can put all the weight of solving those challenges on the users. Of course, it’s great if you can do your own research, treat everyone kindly, and be very careful with what you share on the net. But we need the support of the platforms as well. Not to filter content before it gets posted or to let platforms decide what’s right and what’s wrong, but to make it a little easier to distinguish truth from fiction and – regarding hate speech – to block and report abuse. Moreover, just as platforms review and categorize various online services, including casinon utan svensk licens, they must also apply similar rigor to ensuring a safe and truthful online environment.
I don’t want to have someone control what is posted online. I want it to have consequences. Online abusers are like bike thieves: They do it because it’s easy and because it rarely has any consequences. But a stolen bike can be replaced. A badly injured psyche can’t.
As for security and privacy … I find it hard to discuss those topics with a company that still won’t let users encrypt their emails easily and by default. Don’t get me wrong – I love Google’s services, I truly think they’re amongst the best on the web. But the day will come when the company has to find different ways to monetise those services than via advertising.
The problem here is, of course, that business is flourishing, Google and Facebook earn bazillions with ads based on user data and it doesn’t seem that this is gonna change very soon. And it’s not as easy as letting people pay for features like encryption and freedom from ads because that’d mean you need to be able to afford privacy. It would be unfair, anti-social.
But for users, ad systems have already broken the internet. Constant tracking has taken away our privacy and turned our web surfing and smartphone usage into a surveillance system, even if it’s „only“ used for ad targeting. We need better business models, and those models probably won’t make as much money as ads do right now. But they’d contribute more and better to society.
So maybe we should finally bury that old cliché „Don’t be evil“ and turn it into „Don’t be greedy“ when you start business in south carolina. I really think that Google could work very well as the biggest non-profit organisation the world has ever seen. You might be richer if you’re answering to stock owners all the time. But you might be even more successful if you don’t have to.
Turning Google into a non-profit org wouldn’t solve all the challenges that were mentioned, of course. But it would certainly change the game big time because Google’s motifs would change dramatically. With google.org, the company already invests in non-profit causes and supports third party organisations and initiatives. So why not turn into one?
(Es ist übrigens natürlich völlig okay, diesen Text auf Deutsch zu kommentieren und diskutieren.)
Not that I would disagree with any of your points, but didn’t you already want to buy Twitter lately? How is that going? ;)
@#2054622: Hehe. :) I didn’t want to buy Twitter myself, of course, but I supported (and still support) the idea of turning it into a cooperative. People are still on it, but I withdrew myself a little from the group because there was too many different views on how to move forward. They are still active, though and I keep lurking: https://www.loomio.org/g/PKBSd1xn/buy-twitter
Ideas like that are difficult to push, of course, and they’re a fulltime job if done right.
Overall some interesting thoughts.
Though had to stop reading the German version on Wired when I came across the utterly discrediting use of „Nutzer*innen“. Come on, in this day and age you are just pissing off people with this yesterday nonsense rather than engaging a wider audience.
„Da ist jemand erfolgreich! Das geht so nicht! Das müssen wir dem wegnehmen. Wir haben zwar nichts dazu beigetragen oder sind irgendein persönliches Risiko eingegangen und … hey, guck da: VENCEREMOS!“
Die Linke und deren Kollektivismus-Wahn. Wie gut hat das sonst so funktioniert, Johnny?
Ach ja und: Johnny Rotton. Viel Spass, Johnny, auf der anderen Seite: dem Establishment. Life comes at you fast.
As a lot of powerful non-profits in the US demonstrate, being non-profit doesn’t necessarily mean being non-biased and certainly doesn’t have to mean „serving society“.
Quite a lot of ivory tower thinking. And of course the yellow press can reach massive parts of the public fast and efficiently, and has done so for decades.
Sidenote: Google does not answer to „stock owners“, they are basically still an owner operated company.
Additional sidenote: we do have public broadcasting (oeffentlich-rechtlicher Rundfunk) as a suitable construct once politics would manage reach the 21st century against media lobbyists pressure and evolve it into „public media organizations“ to balance the media landscape against market driven organizations.
…make that „against market or interest driven organizations“.
@#2054804: I agree on the public broadcasting part of your comments and the conclusion. And you are also right that NPO doesn’t automatically mean „serving society“.
@#2054759: Hm. Etwas wegnehmen. Die Linke. Gemeinnützigkeit (ungleich Kollektivismus) funktioniert nicht. (Abgesehen von der Tatsache, dass sie etwa 9% der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten in D bezahlt.) Und wer Gemeinnützigkeit in Erwägung zieht, ist auf „der anderen Seite“ angekommen. Wird schwierig mit uns beiden, inhaltlich. :)
(Aber hey: Establishment-Vorwurf an einen 52-Jährigen, schon okay. Und: Es heißt „Rotten“.)
Danke für den interessanten Artikel. Ich würde dazu zwei Punkte anmerken:
‚But I do believe that any company as influential as Google or Facebook needs to be part of society and has to accept responsibility‘
Das gewählte Beispiel der Youtube Filterung zeigt eigentlich, daß es _die Gesellschaft_ nicht gibt. Die Eltern, die keine LGBTQ Inhalte sehen möchten, zu mehr Offenheit erziehen zu wollen kann man sich politisch wünschen, aber es wäre auch nur eine Bevormundung, nur eben in anderer Richtung. Google und Facebook sind in dem Sinne nur die Projektionsfläche für alle, die gerne die Welt verändern wollen, natürlich in ihrem Sinne.
‚ I really think that Google could work very well as the biggest non-profit organisation the world has ever seen.‘
Ich glaube ein non-profit Google würde zum einen nicht automatisch anders handeln als das heutige. Das Google keine verschlüsselte GMail Lösung bietet hat schlicht damit zu tun, dass es keinen wirklichen praktikablen Weg gibt Email auf das Niveau der heutigen end-to-end verschlüsselten Messenger zu bringen, ohne die Vorteile von Email zu verlieren. Mit Geld hat das nichts zu tun.
Und dann würde ein non-profit Google, welches nicht einmal mehr Aktionären Rechenschaft schuldig ist, vermutlich vielen noch mehr Angst machen. Man erinnere sich an das immer wieder gerne gebrachte Zitat von Larry Page, wonach er sich manchmal wünsche mit Google auf eine künstliche Insel ziehen zu können um staatlichen Zugriffen zu entgehen. Dieses Zitat wird generell negativ verstanden, selbst zu Zeiten, in denen man staatliche Übergriffe – insbesondere von anderen Staaten – eigentlich mehr fürchten müsste wie solche von Privatunternehmen.
@#2055106: Danke für den Input!
Zu 1 („die Gesellschaft“): Stimmt natürlich. Es stellt sich dabei die Frage nach dem gesellschaftlichen Konsens. Als Non-profit hätte Google ja aber einen von ihnen selbst zu definierenden, öffentlichen Zweck, nach dem gehandelt wird (Education oder auch „nur“ Bereitstellung von Internet-Diensten z.B.), ich kann mir sogar vorstellen, dass Fragen wie „was ist restricted?“ von Dritten gelöst werden können. Für Eltern gäbe es z.B. christlich-konservative Filter-Anbieter oder liberalere. Google wäre dann aus der Frage raus. (Ist nicht durchdacht, nur ne schnelle Idee.)
Bei 2 („NPO schlimmer als AG?“) denke ich, dass das stark vom Organisationszweck abhängt und ich würde mir von einem NPO größere Transparenz erhoffen. Aber eine Garantie ist es nicht, klar.
Bei der Mail-Frage: Die Metadaten verschwinden vlt. auch mit bspw. PGP nicht, aber es wäre ja schon ein Schritt vorwärts, wenn die Inhalte verschlüsselt wären. On-the-fly- Entschlüsselung auf dem jeweiligen Endgerät wäre natürlich fein. Ich denke, das gibt es 99%-Lösungen, die aber besser sind als der aktuelle Zustand, meinst du nicht?
@Hen:
„Ich glaube ein non-profit Google würde zum einen nicht automatisch anders handeln als das heutige. Das Google keine verschlüsselte GMail Lösung bietet hat schlicht damit zu tun, dass es keinen wirklichen praktikablen Weg gibt Email auf das Niveau der heutigen end-to-end verschlüsselten Messenger zu bringen, ohne die Vorteile von Email zu verlieren. Mit Geld hat das nichts zu tun.“
Dem würde ich spontan widersprechen – durch die Analyse der Emailinhalte werden doch wertvolle Ergebnisse für das Adtargeting generiert? Hab keine Zahlen oder Infos dazu gefunden, wie wichtig das ist, also gerne korrigieren. (Aktuell haben sie zumindest vor Gericht diese Praktik verteidigt: http://www.theverge.com/2016/12/14/13958884/google-email-scanning-lawsuit-ecpa-cipa-matera)
Allgemein fand ich diesen Artikel ganz erhellend damals bei The Verge, der die Machtverhältnisse und Dynamik bzgl. den Werbe-Einnahmemodellen von Google, Apple und Facebook skizziert:
http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/17/9338963/welcome-to-hell-apple-vs-google-vs-facebook-and-the-slow-death-of-the-web
Der Aspekt der Einnahmen durch Werbung wurde ja auch im Artikel angesprochen. Insofern passt das Zitat aus dem Artikel schon irgendwie :“But the day will come when the company has to find different ways to monetise those services than via advertising.“ – aber ich zumindest würde da ein „maybe“ ergänzen.
Ich weiß nicht, ob es reine Promo oder ernsthafte Gedanken sind, aber hier im Video zum Hyperloop werden Überlegungen angesprochen, ob man das ganze nicht auch ohne Ticketsystem monetarisieren kann:
https://www.golem.de/news/lufthansa-hyperloop-koennte-innerdeutsche-fluege-ersetzen-1703-126949.html
Da fällt mir jetzt natürlich spontan Werbung als Modell ein ;)
Ich glaube, es würde schlicht nicht funktionieren.
Was bedeutet es zum Beispiel für Start-Ups, sprich das nächste Google/YouTube/Instagram/… wenn die „Drohung“ im Raum steht im Erfolgsfall in eine Non-Profit-Organisation umgewandelt zu werden? Klar, vielleicht geht es auch ohne Drohung/Zwang, aber das halte ich wirklich für naiv, dass der nächste Kandidat der zu Einflussreich wird sein Profitstreben freiwillig aufgibt.
Meiner Erfahrung nach sind gemeinnützige Organisationen schnell träge und unflexibel. Das ist bei Menschenrechten noch verkraftbar im Internet halt nicht. Alle flexiblen Organisationen, die mir einfallen sind eher klein – verglichen mit Google.
Sobald aber die Qualität von Google minimal schlechter wird als von der Konkurrenz sind die User halt weg und somit sämtliche Einflussmöglichkeiten. Das ist so als hätte man 2 Eingänge zur Disko und nur an einem stehen Türsteher, die auf Volljährigkeit und Drogen kontrollieren.
„Abgesehen von der Tatsache, dass sie etwa 9% der sozialversicherungspflichtig Beschäftigten in D bezahlt“
Naja, das ist eigentlich ein Gegenargument. Es zeigt nämlich dass Gemeinnützigkeit ein Sonderfall und eine Nische ist.
Insgesamt finde ich den Artikel etwas meh, weil er eine relativ krasse Forderung stellt ohne wirklich tiefergehende Argumente dafür zu liefern. So wirkt das ganze weniger wie eine durchdachte Angelegenheit, sondern eher wie ein linker Reflex: Profit = böse, Gemeinnützig = gut => Google muss Gemeinnützig werden.
Sorry, aber da muss deutlich mehr kommen.
@#2055023: Hey, du kannst Google ja auch einfach anspucken.
Danke für den Link oben auf die deutsche Version.
Danke für den guten Artikel und vor allem für die Kommentare!